1 00:00:07,680 --> 00:00:11,560 The 1930s is a decade of aggression. 2 00:00:11,720 --> 00:00:13,480 Italy attacks Ethiopia, 3 00:00:13,640 --> 00:00:15,920 dreaming of a modern Roman Empire. 4 00:00:16,080 --> 00:00:20,160 Hitler's Thousand-Year Reich calls for his seizure of Austria, 5 00:00:20,320 --> 00:00:22,720 Czechoslovakia, and Poland. 6 00:00:22,880 --> 00:00:25,520 The Japanese Empire expands 7 00:00:25,680 --> 00:00:28,640 with the invasion of Manchuria and China, 8 00:00:28,800 --> 00:00:31,440 but intends to dominate all of Asia. 9 00:00:31,600 --> 00:00:33,080 To accomplish that, 10 00:00:33,240 --> 00:00:36,240 the military in Japan know they must first eliminate 11 00:00:36,400 --> 00:00:39,120 the United States as a seaborne power. 12 00:00:40,360 --> 00:00:41,920 They act accordingly. 13 00:00:44,640 --> 00:00:48,520 All wars change the world. But none of them change the world 14 00:00:48,680 --> 00:00:50,160 like the Second World War did. 15 00:00:50,320 --> 00:00:54,560 Japan's on the march. Germany's on the march. 16 00:00:54,720 --> 00:00:56,880 No-one can imagine the nightmare 17 00:00:57,040 --> 00:00:58,720 they're about to unleash: 18 00:00:58,880 --> 00:01:00,760 the most destructive war in history. 19 00:01:00,920 --> 00:01:04,320 Suddenly, the world is turned upside down, 20 00:01:04,480 --> 00:01:05,880 and all hell is let loose. 21 00:01:08,280 --> 00:01:11,440 The West is stunned by the speed of the advance. 22 00:01:12,320 --> 00:01:15,520 You get the Allies, led by the Big Three: 23 00:01:15,680 --> 00:01:18,200 Roosevelt, Churchill, Stalin. 24 00:01:18,360 --> 00:01:23,160 Men who are dealing with immensely complicated questions. 25 00:01:23,320 --> 00:01:27,120 It's the biggest military operation of human history. 26 00:01:27,280 --> 00:01:30,800 The Allies have to come together not just militarily, 27 00:01:30,960 --> 00:01:33,720 but industrial-scale. It's a global perspective. 28 00:01:33,880 --> 00:01:35,960 They have to fight in every climate, 29 00:01:36,120 --> 00:01:39,560 from the Arctic to the jungles of the Pacific, 30 00:01:39,720 --> 00:01:42,760 to the deserts of Africa and the depths of the ocean. 31 00:01:45,560 --> 00:01:48,520 But there was no certainty of victory. 32 00:01:48,680 --> 00:01:51,400 It was going to be a horrific bloodbath. 33 00:01:51,560 --> 00:01:54,120 We see humans at their absolute worst, 34 00:01:54,280 --> 00:01:56,120 how they treat other human beings. 35 00:01:56,280 --> 00:01:59,600 We see them at their absolute best, willing to give their lives 36 00:01:59,760 --> 00:02:03,240 that others might live. - World War II was a struggle 37 00:02:03,400 --> 00:02:06,960 in which there could be one victor and one vanquished. 38 00:02:32,400 --> 00:02:34,760 In late 1937, 39 00:02:34,920 --> 00:02:38,320 the Japanese escalate their military campaign in China. 40 00:02:44,320 --> 00:02:46,600 They already occupy Manchuria. 41 00:02:50,800 --> 00:02:52,640 After three months of fighting, 42 00:02:52,800 --> 00:02:54,200 they take Shanghai... 43 00:02:58,400 --> 00:03:01,800 ...and move to the ancient Chinese capital of Nanking. 44 00:03:14,640 --> 00:03:18,760 The Japanese brutality that follows will shock the world. 45 00:03:20,840 --> 00:03:24,400 They enter the city, but instead of just occupying it, 46 00:03:24,560 --> 00:03:28,040 they let the Japanese troops off the leash. They rape, 47 00:03:28,200 --> 00:03:32,640 they pillage, they burn, they steal. 48 00:03:36,880 --> 00:03:38,760 The Japanese commanders 49 00:03:38,920 --> 00:03:43,480 ordered their soldiers not to take any prisoners, 50 00:03:43,640 --> 00:03:45,720 which meant executions. 51 00:03:54,880 --> 00:03:57,280 This was Japanese soldiers 52 00:03:57,440 --> 00:04:01,680 looking down on the Chinese as an inferior people 53 00:04:01,840 --> 00:04:03,760 and as being non-humans. 54 00:04:05,560 --> 00:04:08,600 Japanese soldier who committed atrocities himself, 55 00:04:08,760 --> 00:04:10,400 he described it as killing pigs. 56 00:04:16,520 --> 00:04:19,160 Japanese officers had a competition 57 00:04:19,320 --> 00:04:22,640 to see who could be the first to kill 100 civilians with a sword. 58 00:04:26,520 --> 00:04:29,280 This was printed in Japanese newspaper. 59 00:04:31,760 --> 00:04:34,960 To show pictures of swordsmen 60 00:04:35,120 --> 00:04:38,480 decapitating bound prisoners 61 00:04:38,640 --> 00:04:39,720 in the 20th century... 62 00:04:41,240 --> 00:04:43,840 ...made the people doing the killing 63 00:04:44,000 --> 00:04:48,280 seem almost like they were barbarians from another era. 64 00:04:50,240 --> 00:04:53,800 And it struck Americans and people in the Western world 65 00:04:53,960 --> 00:04:56,440 in a different way than had they shown 66 00:04:56,600 --> 00:04:58,120 people being lined up and shot. 67 00:05:02,120 --> 00:05:05,440 Hundreds of thousands of people raped and murdered by the Japanese. 68 00:05:05,600 --> 00:05:07,920 It was called the Rape of Nanking. 69 00:05:11,720 --> 00:05:14,000 In just six weeks, the Japanese army 70 00:05:14,160 --> 00:05:17,760 kill 200,000 Chinese in Nanking. 71 00:05:19,160 --> 00:05:21,160 Most are civilians. 72 00:05:23,720 --> 00:05:26,880 The Japanese invasion does identify the Japanese 73 00:05:27,040 --> 00:05:30,200 as an aggressive power in the Pacific, that they are brutal 74 00:05:30,360 --> 00:05:32,920 in the way that they've treated the population. 75 00:05:33,080 --> 00:05:35,320 And this starts to change people's perceptions 76 00:05:35,480 --> 00:05:37,120 with regards to the Japanese. 77 00:05:38,600 --> 00:05:41,200 By the end of 1939, 78 00:05:41,360 --> 00:05:45,640 Japan controls vast areas of north and central China, 79 00:05:45,800 --> 00:05:48,880 as well as the southern port cities. 80 00:05:57,120 --> 00:06:00,280 The Japanese are driven by the desire for raw materials. 81 00:06:02,000 --> 00:06:05,640 The luck of the historical draw has put the Japanese people. 82 00:06:05,800 --> 00:06:07,360 on a series of beautiful islands 83 00:06:07,520 --> 00:06:10,080 which are, unfortunately, resource-poor. 84 00:06:11,920 --> 00:06:15,240 Take iron ore. The Japanese have almost no indigenous sources 85 00:06:15,400 --> 00:06:18,920 of iron ore. Their steel industry is based on U.S. scrap iron! 86 00:06:20,080 --> 00:06:21,560 They need the raw materials 87 00:06:21,720 --> 00:06:24,600 and almost limitless manpower of China. 88 00:06:29,120 --> 00:06:32,200 Japan is a modern and complex nation. 89 00:06:36,040 --> 00:06:39,800 At the pinnacle of society is the emperor Hirohito... 90 00:06:41,200 --> 00:06:44,720 ...the 124th Emperor of Japan. 91 00:06:46,840 --> 00:06:51,160 The constitution made the Emperor of Japan 92 00:06:51,320 --> 00:06:53,440 a divine figure... 93 00:06:54,680 --> 00:06:56,880 ...literally a living god. 94 00:07:02,440 --> 00:07:05,080 Taken literally, he's a god on Earth, 95 00:07:05,240 --> 00:07:08,480 or a mystical figure who people aren't really supposed to have 96 00:07:08,640 --> 00:07:10,640 much direct contact with. 97 00:07:12,080 --> 00:07:15,320 Emperor Hirohito is not really a policymaker in Japan. 98 00:07:15,480 --> 00:07:17,680 He's not the wartime planner. 99 00:07:17,840 --> 00:07:20,760 He doesn't go through details of tax policy 100 00:07:20,920 --> 00:07:23,760 in the way you would think a president or prime minister does. 101 00:07:23,920 --> 00:07:27,280 He's a guarantor and a protector of Japanese tradition. 102 00:07:32,440 --> 00:07:35,680 Emperor Hirohito approves government policy. 103 00:07:35,840 --> 00:07:40,680 But real power lies with the Japanese army and navy 104 00:07:40,840 --> 00:07:42,160 and its political allies. 105 00:07:43,800 --> 00:07:47,840 They want Imperial Japan to control Asia. 106 00:07:50,920 --> 00:07:52,400 For the last couple of decades, 107 00:07:52,560 --> 00:07:54,680 it has been a major industrial power, 108 00:07:54,840 --> 00:07:56,040 powerful economy. 109 00:07:56,200 --> 00:07:58,720 Its armed forces have been built up. 110 00:07:58,880 --> 00:08:00,520 It's in a really strong position. 111 00:08:02,880 --> 00:08:06,440 The Japanese resent the Western colonial empires 112 00:08:06,600 --> 00:08:10,720 that dominate Southeast Asia and control resources. 113 00:08:14,120 --> 00:08:16,280 The British rule over Hong Kong, 114 00:08:16,440 --> 00:08:18,680 Burma, Malaya, and Singapore. 115 00:08:20,600 --> 00:08:22,600 There's French Indochina... 116 00:08:24,040 --> 00:08:26,440 ...and the Dutch East Indies. 117 00:08:26,600 --> 00:08:28,960 Even the United States has territories, 118 00:08:29,120 --> 00:08:31,960 called protectorates, in Guam and the Philippines. 119 00:08:34,960 --> 00:08:38,560 Japan intends to create what they term 120 00:08:38,720 --> 00:08:41,560 the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere 121 00:08:41,720 --> 00:08:43,480 under their leadership. 122 00:08:45,920 --> 00:08:49,320 By this point, Japan is Asia's pre-eminent power 123 00:08:49,480 --> 00:08:51,840 by a long way, and I think because of that 124 00:08:52,000 --> 00:08:55,000 the Japanese have a sense that they are destined 125 00:08:55,160 --> 00:08:57,280 to bring the rest of Asia with them. 126 00:08:58,800 --> 00:09:03,800 Japan had an interest in becoming the supreme power 127 00:09:03,960 --> 00:09:06,600 of not only continental China 128 00:09:06,760 --> 00:09:10,800 but also Asia. "Asia for the Asians" was one of the propaganda slogans, 129 00:09:10,960 --> 00:09:13,920 one of the key slogans of the Japanese Empire. 130 00:09:15,320 --> 00:09:18,280 Asia for the Asians was understood 131 00:09:18,440 --> 00:09:22,360 by some Japanese politicians at the time 132 00:09:22,520 --> 00:09:25,440 as an honest interest in liberating Asia 133 00:09:25,600 --> 00:09:27,480 from the Western colonisers. 134 00:09:27,640 --> 00:09:31,320 But there were some voices in the Japanese military 135 00:09:31,480 --> 00:09:36,960 who had a different understanding of the phrase "Asia for the Asians," 136 00:09:37,120 --> 00:09:42,720 saying, OK, Asia for the Asians means actually Asia for Japan. 137 00:09:44,280 --> 00:09:47,080 You get people in the Japanese government 138 00:09:47,240 --> 00:09:48,360 who are militarists, 139 00:09:48,520 --> 00:09:51,640 who have a very constrained view of the world. 140 00:09:51,800 --> 00:09:57,360 Their attitudes are somewhat disdainful 141 00:09:57,520 --> 00:10:02,400 of Western comfort and softness and all these sorts of things. 142 00:10:04,720 --> 00:10:06,920 The Japanese believe their soldiers 143 00:10:07,080 --> 00:10:08,520 are the toughest in the world. 144 00:10:09,760 --> 00:10:11,280 They combine modern weapons 145 00:10:11,440 --> 00:10:14,680 with the traditional training and values of the samurai warrior, 146 00:10:14,840 --> 00:10:16,880 known as the code of Bushido. 147 00:10:25,520 --> 00:10:29,320 Bushido was an older tradition that had now been inculcated 148 00:10:29,480 --> 00:10:31,320 into the manpower of the Japanese army. 149 00:10:33,880 --> 00:10:36,800 The Japanese didn't choose this aspect of their history 150 00:10:36,960 --> 00:10:40,520 randomly. They don't have the aircraft 151 00:10:40,680 --> 00:10:42,040 to compete with the West. 152 00:10:42,200 --> 00:10:44,520 They don't have the heavier tanks and artillery. 153 00:10:44,680 --> 00:10:47,840 There needs to be an equaliser. And they believe they've found it 154 00:10:48,000 --> 00:10:51,480 in the superior fighting spirit of the Japanese soldier. 155 00:10:54,080 --> 00:10:57,720 By 1940, Japan controls most of China. 156 00:11:03,040 --> 00:11:04,360 In Washington, 157 00:11:04,520 --> 00:11:06,600 President Franklin D. Roosevelt is alarmed 158 00:11:06,760 --> 00:11:09,240 and fears further Japanese aggression 159 00:11:09,400 --> 00:11:12,600 could threaten the entire Asian Pacific region. 160 00:11:14,520 --> 00:11:17,800 Japan is an authoritarian power 161 00:11:17,960 --> 00:11:21,760 organised and driven by a theory of racial superiority 162 00:11:21,920 --> 00:11:26,400 on a march of aggressive conquest. 163 00:11:27,920 --> 00:11:29,760 That was what Japan was doing. 164 00:11:31,640 --> 00:11:34,560 Now, the only problem there is that the United States 165 00:11:34,720 --> 00:11:37,960 has traditionally seen the Pacific as its own area of operations. 166 00:11:39,560 --> 00:11:43,920 Roosevelt is determined to dislodge Japan from China, 167 00:11:44,080 --> 00:11:46,600 and the Japanese are determined to stay. 168 00:12:06,560 --> 00:12:09,960 To counter continued Japanese aggression in China, 169 00:12:10,120 --> 00:12:14,040 Roosevelt orders the U.S. fleet to move from San Diego 170 00:12:14,200 --> 00:12:17,720 to Pearl Harbor, a naval base on Hawaii 171 00:12:17,880 --> 00:12:21,920 2,000 miles closer to the Japanese mainland. 172 00:12:24,040 --> 00:12:26,720 This is a land that is an extension of the U.S. 173 00:12:26,880 --> 00:12:28,040 It IS the United States. 174 00:12:30,160 --> 00:12:32,240 Roosevelt is sending a clear signal 175 00:12:32,400 --> 00:12:34,080 he hopes will deter Japan: 176 00:12:34,240 --> 00:12:38,160 the Pacific is America's sphere of influence. 177 00:12:39,160 --> 00:12:42,120 He wants the fleet to be positioned far enough forward 178 00:12:42,280 --> 00:12:45,160 that the Japanese take it seriously, but at the same time 179 00:12:45,320 --> 00:12:47,040 not to be too provocative by moving it 180 00:12:47,200 --> 00:12:49,120 to the Philippines or maybe Singapore. 181 00:12:51,560 --> 00:12:53,640 Pearl Harbor is now the front line 182 00:12:53,800 --> 00:12:56,320 of American naval power in the Pacific. 183 00:12:57,960 --> 00:13:00,880 The Pearl Harbor naval base is perfect, 184 00:13:01,040 --> 00:13:04,880 because it's got a narrow channel into a wide harbour 185 00:13:05,040 --> 00:13:08,640 with an island right in the middle. So it looks like a fortress. 186 00:13:13,640 --> 00:13:18,160 Outside the naval base is the thriving city of Honolulu. 187 00:13:18,320 --> 00:13:22,400 The Hawaiian islands to America looks like a paradise: 188 00:13:22,560 --> 00:13:24,440 beautiful beaches, relaxed culture, 189 00:13:25,360 --> 00:13:27,200 amazing weather. 190 00:13:28,240 --> 00:13:30,400 But there are security concerns 191 00:13:30,560 --> 00:13:32,920 among top naval and army commanders. 192 00:13:34,600 --> 00:13:36,360 Because now they are surrounded 193 00:13:36,520 --> 00:13:39,680 by a population that is disproportionately Asian 194 00:13:39,840 --> 00:13:41,680 and a population that also includes 195 00:13:41,840 --> 00:13:45,680 a very large percentage of Japanese-Americans. 196 00:13:46,520 --> 00:13:50,160 30% of the population of the Hawaiian Islands 197 00:13:50,320 --> 00:13:54,080 has Japanese heritage. - One of the major fears 198 00:13:54,240 --> 00:13:59,200 is sabotage from local Japanese-Americans. 199 00:13:59,360 --> 00:14:03,480 General Short, who is in charge of the army at Hawaii, 200 00:14:03,640 --> 00:14:07,000 is much more afraid of sabotage than air attack. 201 00:14:07,160 --> 00:14:10,360 So he takes the fighter planes out of their protective bunkers, 202 00:14:10,520 --> 00:14:12,720 lines 'em up on the airfield, 203 00:14:12,880 --> 00:14:16,880 where he thinks his soldiers can protect them from sabotage. 204 00:14:17,040 --> 00:14:21,320 Unfortunately, he's presented a line of sitting ducks. 205 00:14:24,680 --> 00:14:27,920 The U.S. expands its profile in the Pacific 206 00:14:28,080 --> 00:14:32,120 at the same time as Germany's forces sweep through Europe 207 00:14:32,280 --> 00:14:34,160 and conquer nation after nation. 208 00:14:36,040 --> 00:14:38,080 Hitler doesn't realise what he's done, 209 00:14:38,240 --> 00:14:40,200 but in toppling France, he 's set in motion 210 00:14:40,360 --> 00:14:42,080 a kind of ripple effect of aggression 211 00:14:42,240 --> 00:14:43,960 that is going to move far and wide. 212 00:14:47,320 --> 00:14:49,320 Going back to the First World War, 213 00:14:49,480 --> 00:14:52,280 there's a sense in Japan that when things happen in Europe, 214 00:14:52,440 --> 00:14:54,440 there's an opportunity for Japan in Asia. 215 00:14:54,600 --> 00:14:56,600 If they can get their hands on something 216 00:14:56,760 --> 00:15:00,240 while the big powers are busy in Europe, they will. That happens 217 00:15:00,400 --> 00:15:02,440 in June 1940. 218 00:15:03,520 --> 00:15:07,400 Germany's conquests present Japan with an opportunity. 219 00:15:08,680 --> 00:15:11,280 Germany now occupies the Netherlands, 220 00:15:11,440 --> 00:15:14,920 colonial ruler of the oil-rich Dutch East Indies. 221 00:15:15,840 --> 00:15:18,600 Great Britain, still at war with Germany, 222 00:15:18,760 --> 00:15:21,240 controls the resources of Malaya, Singapore, 223 00:15:21,400 --> 00:15:23,080 Burma, and Hong Kong. 224 00:15:24,280 --> 00:15:27,160 And the French, who rule Indochina, 225 00:15:27,320 --> 00:15:29,560 have surrendered to the Nazis. 226 00:15:31,640 --> 00:15:36,320 The Japanese now realise that opportunity is beckoning. 227 00:15:37,320 --> 00:15:40,160 The Dutch can't defend the Dutch East Indies any longer. 228 00:15:40,320 --> 00:15:42,400 The British are gonna have a heck of a time 229 00:15:42,560 --> 00:15:44,840 trying to defend Singapore, and on and on, 230 00:15:45,000 --> 00:15:48,360 the French in Indochina. The resources await. 231 00:15:48,520 --> 00:15:50,360 And it seems to the Japanese 232 00:15:50,520 --> 00:15:54,120 that a once-in-a-century opportunity has arisen 233 00:15:54,280 --> 00:15:55,840 to seize those colonies. 234 00:15:56,000 --> 00:15:57,280 Who's going to defend them? 235 00:16:00,760 --> 00:16:03,560 So the French are overrun by the Nazis. 236 00:16:03,720 --> 00:16:05,920 You have the Vichy regime being set up. 237 00:16:06,080 --> 00:16:08,480 The Japanese really have their eyes on Indochina 238 00:16:08,640 --> 00:16:10,800 because of the resources there. the sense 239 00:16:10,960 --> 00:16:13,880 that it won't put up a fight, as France is busy elsewhere. 240 00:16:17,040 --> 00:16:21,120 Japan's first target is French Indochina. 241 00:16:21,280 --> 00:16:22,880 In September 1940, 242 00:16:23,040 --> 00:16:25,600 it pressures the French Vichy government 243 00:16:25,760 --> 00:16:28,120 to cede to them the northern region. 244 00:16:34,000 --> 00:16:35,600 That same month, 245 00:16:35,760 --> 00:16:38,760 Japan's leaders sign a formal alliance with Germany 246 00:16:38,920 --> 00:16:41,920 and Italy called the Tripartite Pact. 247 00:16:43,000 --> 00:16:47,120 The three nations become known as the Axis powers. 248 00:16:49,200 --> 00:16:51,680 One of the characteristics of the Axis, of course, 249 00:16:51,840 --> 00:16:55,200 is that they were three hyper-aggressive militant powers 250 00:16:55,360 --> 00:16:56,800 eager for war. 251 00:16:57,920 --> 00:17:01,000 Hey, America... 252 00:17:05,960 --> 00:17:07,600 They're strange bedfellows. 253 00:17:07,760 --> 00:17:11,440 There seems to be no overlap between German interests, 254 00:17:11,600 --> 00:17:13,040 which are focused on Eurasia, 255 00:17:13,200 --> 00:17:15,880 Italian interests, focused on the Mediterranean 256 00:17:16,040 --> 00:17:20,120 and North and East Africa,. Japanese interests are in East Asia. 257 00:17:20,280 --> 00:17:23,120 And so there's no obvious overlap between the three. 258 00:17:23,280 --> 00:17:26,680 They come together as they're all kind of outcasts. 259 00:17:27,600 --> 00:17:30,760 The Tripartite Pact is a marriage of convenience, 260 00:17:30,920 --> 00:17:33,120 to try and put the Americans off 261 00:17:33,280 --> 00:17:36,520 from entering any kind of conflict with Japan. 262 00:17:38,360 --> 00:17:41,640 There isn't a great deal of ideology there. It's simply a case of, 263 00:17:41,800 --> 00:17:44,600 how do we keep the Americans at bay for now 264 00:17:44,760 --> 00:17:46,720 so that we can do what we need to do in Asia? 265 00:17:57,080 --> 00:17:59,440 In the summer of 1941, 266 00:17:59,600 --> 00:18:03,320 the American-Japanese relationship reaches crisis level 267 00:18:03,480 --> 00:18:07,200 when Japan takes control over all of French Indochina. 268 00:18:09,720 --> 00:18:12,480 The French yield, and the Japanese come down, 269 00:18:12,640 --> 00:18:15,440 and they start helping themselves to the resources they need 270 00:18:15,600 --> 00:18:16,640 to keep the war going. 271 00:18:16,800 --> 00:18:20,320 And then eventually they just outright take it over. 272 00:18:22,120 --> 00:18:25,040 It's a great source of resources, also a great staging post 273 00:18:25,200 --> 00:18:28,200 for whatever else you might want to do in Southeast Asia. 274 00:18:30,160 --> 00:18:34,400 Japan now has access to even more raw materials. 275 00:18:35,520 --> 00:18:39,120 The thinking in Tokyo is, we need to get tin and bauxite from Malaya. 276 00:18:39,280 --> 00:18:41,720 We need to get oil from the Dutch East Indies. 277 00:18:41,880 --> 00:18:43,720 We need to get rice from the Philippines. 278 00:18:43,880 --> 00:18:45,320 Everything you need is there. 279 00:18:45,480 --> 00:18:46,560 It's a no-brainer. 280 00:18:49,720 --> 00:18:52,480 The United States has one major weapon 281 00:18:52,640 --> 00:18:55,840 to force Japan out of China and Southeast Asia, 282 00:18:56,000 --> 00:18:59,320 and President Roosevelt is about to use it. 283 00:19:16,480 --> 00:19:19,240 In the summer of 1941, 284 00:19:19,400 --> 00:19:23,080 the United States takes its strongest stand yet 285 00:19:23,240 --> 00:19:26,560 against Japan's territorial ambitions. 286 00:19:26,720 --> 00:19:28,840 The United States has been concerned 287 00:19:29,000 --> 00:19:31,400 about Japanese expansion and aggression in Asia 288 00:19:31,560 --> 00:19:35,760 for some time. Roosevelt has stopped short of a military response, 289 00:19:35,920 --> 00:19:38,320 but there's been a series of embargoes: 290 00:19:38,480 --> 00:19:41,920 embargo on weapons, an embargo on scrap iron. 291 00:19:43,200 --> 00:19:46,880 Japan is almost entirely dependent on oil 292 00:19:47,040 --> 00:19:48,360 imported from the U.S., 293 00:19:48,520 --> 00:19:52,040 so FDR imposes an embargo on the Japanese. 294 00:19:54,160 --> 00:19:57,320 In the summer of 1941, America essentially turns off the tap. 295 00:19:58,880 --> 00:20:01,640 The embargo becomes a disaster 296 00:20:01,800 --> 00:20:05,040 for the Japanese economy and military. 297 00:20:05,200 --> 00:20:08,000 By installing an oil embargo, 298 00:20:08,160 --> 00:20:09,680 we have basically said, 299 00:20:09,840 --> 00:20:12,560 we are going to control your future. 300 00:20:14,160 --> 00:20:16,080 The Japanese have to find a way out, 301 00:20:16,240 --> 00:20:19,520 and there's oil nearby. The Dutch, for example, control huge amounts 302 00:20:19,680 --> 00:20:22,880 of oil in that region, so it becomes almost a temptation: 303 00:20:23,040 --> 00:20:26,560 why wouldn't you take it, especially when you feel like 304 00:20:26,720 --> 00:20:28,760 the U.S. had no right to cut you off from oil 305 00:20:28,920 --> 00:20:31,480 in the first place? Would a European power stand for it? 306 00:20:34,520 --> 00:20:37,200 Roosevelt turns off the tap, and the clock is ticking. 307 00:20:40,840 --> 00:20:44,640 In Tokyo, the Japanese make plans to strike back. 308 00:20:46,480 --> 00:20:50,200 Japan thinks about, how do we get out of this straitjacket? 309 00:20:50,360 --> 00:20:52,800 Well, we have to replace those things 310 00:20:52,960 --> 00:20:55,400 by seizing the raw materials of Southeast Asia. 311 00:20:55,560 --> 00:20:58,120 And the first step 312 00:20:58,280 --> 00:21:00,640 would be to knock out the American Pacific fleet. 313 00:21:02,040 --> 00:21:05,680 The Japanese finalise plans to attack American interests 314 00:21:05,840 --> 00:21:07,080 in the Pacific. 315 00:21:09,600 --> 00:21:11,800 There's a sense amongst the Japanese 316 00:21:11,960 --> 00:21:15,080 that the Americans are merchants rather than warriors, 317 00:21:15,240 --> 00:21:18,200 and that if you do give them a really bloody nose, they'll think, 318 00:21:18,360 --> 00:21:20,760 actually, this isn't for us. 319 00:21:23,080 --> 00:21:25,760 So if you really show them some proper steel, 320 00:21:25,920 --> 00:21:27,000 they might back away. 321 00:21:28,600 --> 00:21:30,960 But not everyone in Japan is committed 322 00:21:31,120 --> 00:21:33,440 to conflict with the United States. 323 00:21:33,600 --> 00:21:39,080 Prime Minister Fumimaro Konoe wants to find a peaceful solution. 324 00:21:40,840 --> 00:21:45,320 Very much of a noble background, he is an internationalist. 325 00:21:45,480 --> 00:21:49,080 He has great relationships with diplomats in the West. 326 00:21:49,240 --> 00:21:53,760 His big concern, I think, is how you reach some settlement 327 00:21:53,920 --> 00:21:56,560 with the United States, and manage to bring 328 00:21:56,720 --> 00:21:58,320 the Japanese military with you. 329 00:22:01,000 --> 00:22:03,480 But War Minister Hideki Tojo 330 00:22:03,640 --> 00:22:06,440 is determined to go to war against America. 331 00:22:06,600 --> 00:22:10,760 Hideki Tojo does have a very aggressive sense 332 00:22:10,920 --> 00:22:13,400 of what Japan is going to have to do. 333 00:22:13,560 --> 00:22:16,720 The destiny of Japan is to be the pre-eminent power in Asia, 334 00:22:16,880 --> 00:22:19,440 is to push the Americans out, to push the British out, 335 00:22:19,600 --> 00:22:22,280 to push the Dutch out. Look at what's happening in Europe. 336 00:22:22,440 --> 00:22:24,040 Look at the success of the Nazis. 337 00:22:24,200 --> 00:22:27,000 That is the way a great power is going to run itself in future. 338 00:22:29,120 --> 00:22:31,160 Emperor Hirohito is caught 339 00:22:31,320 --> 00:22:34,080 between the war and peace factions in Tokyo. 340 00:22:34,240 --> 00:22:37,040 He gathers his political and military leaders 341 00:22:37,200 --> 00:22:38,760 for an imperial conference, 342 00:22:38,920 --> 00:22:42,440 where he recites a poem written by his grandfather, 343 00:22:42,600 --> 00:22:44,600 the Emperor Meiji. 344 00:22:46,920 --> 00:22:51,040 "Across the four seas, all men are brothers 345 00:22:51,200 --> 00:22:55,040 In such a world, why do the waves rage, 346 00:22:55,200 --> 00:22:56,520 the winds roar?" 347 00:22:58,800 --> 00:23:02,200 The Japanese try to interpret Hirohito's feelings 348 00:23:02,360 --> 00:23:03,920 about the war from the poem, 349 00:23:04,080 --> 00:23:07,560 but he never states his views explicitly. 350 00:23:10,400 --> 00:23:12,400 Prime Minister Konoe 351 00:23:12,560 --> 00:23:16,240 still wants to find a diplomatic solution. 352 00:23:16,400 --> 00:23:18,320 There's no harm done in keeping open 353 00:23:18,480 --> 00:23:21,440 channels of communication. There are an ambassador 354 00:23:21,600 --> 00:23:24,760 and a special envoy in Washington talking to the State Department. 355 00:23:24,920 --> 00:23:27,480 But the Americans still demand that Japan 356 00:23:27,640 --> 00:23:29,200 withdraw from China. 357 00:23:30,360 --> 00:23:32,640 I don't think they see any possibility 358 00:23:32,800 --> 00:23:36,280 that this problem can be negotiated away. 359 00:23:36,440 --> 00:23:40,600 I think the Japanese have made a pretty firm decision to go to war. 360 00:23:42,320 --> 00:23:44,760 In mid-October 1941, 361 00:23:44,920 --> 00:23:47,920 a frustrated Prime Minister Konoe resigns. 362 00:23:51,120 --> 00:23:53,880 He tells his government secretary, 363 00:23:54,040 --> 00:23:56,640 "His Imperial Majesty is a pacifist. 364 00:23:56,800 --> 00:23:59,120 I told him that war was a mistake. 365 00:23:59,280 --> 00:24:03,840 He agreed, but the next time I met him, he leaned more to war. 366 00:24:04,000 --> 00:24:07,280 I felt the Emperor was absorbing more and more 367 00:24:07,440 --> 00:24:10,840 the view of the army and navy high commands." 368 00:24:11,000 --> 00:24:15,160 Hirohito heard plans discussed in detail constantly. 369 00:24:15,320 --> 00:24:17,880 He never really said yes. 370 00:24:18,040 --> 00:24:21,760 But the crucial factor is that he never said no. 371 00:24:24,440 --> 00:24:28,360 War Minister Tojo becomes the new prime minister. 372 00:24:30,000 --> 00:24:34,160 Japan's destiny is now in the hands of the military. 373 00:24:43,680 --> 00:24:46,200 In Honolulu, there's a new employee 374 00:24:46,360 --> 00:24:51,240 at the Japanese consulate: Takeo Yoshikawa. 375 00:24:52,720 --> 00:24:56,200 Takeo Yoshikawa was a member of the Japanese navy 376 00:24:56,360 --> 00:24:59,880 and was sent to Hawaii as a spy. 377 00:25:02,280 --> 00:25:05,160 Yoshikawa is hoping that he's going to find 378 00:25:05,320 --> 00:25:07,880 some sympathisers within the Japanese population 379 00:25:08,040 --> 00:25:10,720 that will give him additional information. 380 00:25:13,400 --> 00:25:15,480 But what he quickly discovers is, 381 00:25:15,640 --> 00:25:19,880 the vast majority of the Japanese-Americans on Oahu 382 00:25:20,040 --> 00:25:21,920 are loyal to the United States. 383 00:25:24,120 --> 00:25:28,080 So he's renting planes to take sightseeing tours 384 00:25:28,240 --> 00:25:31,640 around the harbour. He's driving around town. 385 00:25:31,800 --> 00:25:34,240 He's taking pictures. "I'm a tourist." 386 00:25:34,400 --> 00:25:37,520 He's renting boats to go around 387 00:25:37,680 --> 00:25:39,720 and measure the depth of the harbour. 388 00:25:39,880 --> 00:25:41,800 So he gathers a lot of intelligence 389 00:25:41,960 --> 00:25:44,280 about the daily activities on the Pacific Fleet. 390 00:25:52,400 --> 00:25:55,680 Yoshikawa is the one who comes up with the insight 391 00:25:55,840 --> 00:25:58,240 that Sunday morning really is the best time 392 00:25:58,400 --> 00:26:00,600 to launch an attack against the Americans. 393 00:26:03,440 --> 00:26:05,920 Although meant to deter Japan, 394 00:26:06,080 --> 00:26:09,040 FDR's order to move the Pacific Fleet base 395 00:26:09,200 --> 00:26:11,800 from California to Pearl Harbor 396 00:26:11,960 --> 00:26:15,240 means it's now within striking distance. 397 00:26:17,560 --> 00:26:19,640 Roosevelt doesn't really understand 398 00:26:19,800 --> 00:26:23,520 that by moving the fleet this far forward, it now becomes 399 00:26:23,680 --> 00:26:27,280 a potential target for the Japanese, because the Americans, in general, 400 00:26:27,440 --> 00:26:31,520 don't understand the sophistication and level of capability 401 00:26:31,680 --> 00:26:33,520 that the Japanese now have. 402 00:26:38,160 --> 00:26:40,440 On a cold Wednesday morning, 403 00:26:40,600 --> 00:26:43,320 a fleet of the Japanese Imperial Navy 404 00:26:43,480 --> 00:26:45,880 heads out into the Pacific. 405 00:26:46,040 --> 00:26:51,040 In overall command is Grand Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto. 406 00:26:51,200 --> 00:26:53,960 It was his plan to launch a surprise attack 407 00:26:54,120 --> 00:26:56,440 against the U.S. fleet at Pearl Harbor. 408 00:26:57,440 --> 00:27:00,480 Yamamoto has a really good appreciation 409 00:27:00,640 --> 00:27:02,960 for just how powerful the United States is. 410 00:27:03,120 --> 00:27:06,120 He's lived in the U.S. He was a naval attache. 411 00:27:06,280 --> 00:27:09,800 He speaks some English. And so he understands 412 00:27:09,960 --> 00:27:12,480 that any war with the United States 413 00:27:12,640 --> 00:27:15,000 is going to have to be a very fast affair, 414 00:27:15,160 --> 00:27:18,200 that they've got to get this thing over as rapidly as possible. 415 00:27:18,360 --> 00:27:23,360 Hit them hard at the outset and try to go after American morale. 416 00:27:25,320 --> 00:27:27,320 The way he thinks he can do that 417 00:27:27,480 --> 00:27:30,480 is by sinking as many of our battleships as possible. 418 00:27:31,760 --> 00:27:34,600 Maybe then the Americans will come to the bargaining table, 419 00:27:34,760 --> 00:27:38,240 and we can get this war over with in six months, something like that. 420 00:27:41,720 --> 00:27:43,760 Key to the operation 421 00:27:43,920 --> 00:27:48,400 is grouping six modern aircraft carriers together for the attack. 422 00:27:51,360 --> 00:27:54,880 Yamamoto is an airpower advocate. 423 00:27:55,040 --> 00:28:00,560 He has consistently pushed to beef up Japan's aircraft carriers. 424 00:28:00,720 --> 00:28:03,520 And they create this organisation, 425 00:28:03,680 --> 00:28:06,160 Kido Butai, the Mobile Force. 426 00:28:08,920 --> 00:28:11,240 Aircraft carriers are usually deployed 427 00:28:11,400 --> 00:28:12,440 one at a time, 428 00:28:12,600 --> 00:28:16,920 and their aircraft are tasked with defending heavy battleships. 429 00:28:19,760 --> 00:28:22,800 The Japanese are like, we're going to take all our carriers 430 00:28:22,960 --> 00:28:26,440 and put them into a carrier fleet of six big flight decks... 431 00:28:28,440 --> 00:28:33,520 ...that can now bring 350 aircraft across the ocean. 432 00:28:37,680 --> 00:28:39,520 That is going to allow the Japanese 433 00:28:39,680 --> 00:28:43,320 to deliver these enormous pulses of firepower 434 00:28:43,480 --> 00:28:44,960 over the battlefield, 435 00:28:45,120 --> 00:28:47,920 which has never been seen before in naval warfare. 436 00:28:51,160 --> 00:28:54,360 The Japanese have another challenge: 437 00:28:54,520 --> 00:28:56,280 how do you get this enormous armada 438 00:28:56,440 --> 00:29:00,600 across 3,500 miles of ocean without being detected? 439 00:29:03,160 --> 00:29:05,560 First, they shut down radio communications 440 00:29:05,720 --> 00:29:06,880 and travel in silence. 441 00:29:11,880 --> 00:29:16,440 Then, eight oil tankers sail alongside the fleet. 442 00:29:22,720 --> 00:29:25,320 The ability to refuel at sea 443 00:29:25,480 --> 00:29:27,960 is one of the masterstrokes of Pearl Harbor, 444 00:29:28,120 --> 00:29:31,680 because your fleet didn't have to stop at any bases. 445 00:29:32,880 --> 00:29:37,080 This is how the Japanese fleet could stay radio-silent. 446 00:29:37,240 --> 00:29:40,440 Refuelling at sea literally allowed the Japanese fleet 447 00:29:40,600 --> 00:29:42,440 to vanish like a ghost. 448 00:29:48,880 --> 00:29:51,840 As the Japanese fleet steams towards Hawaii... 449 00:29:53,520 --> 00:29:56,480 ...in Washington D.C., the Japanese and the Americans 450 00:29:56,640 --> 00:29:57,920 continue to negotiate. 451 00:30:06,160 --> 00:30:07,840 On December 6th, 452 00:30:08,000 --> 00:30:12,240 President Roosevelt writes to Emperor Hirohito directly. 453 00:30:14,760 --> 00:30:19,360 "It is clear that a continuance of such a situation is unthinkable. 454 00:30:19,520 --> 00:30:23,120 We have a sacred duty to restore traditional amity 455 00:30:23,280 --> 00:30:26,920 and prevent further death and destruction in the world." 456 00:30:28,840 --> 00:30:31,440 Roosevelt's saying, look, war would be a horror, 457 00:30:31,600 --> 00:30:33,960 this war that none of us want. But at this point, 458 00:30:34,120 --> 00:30:36,120 Hirohito has embarked on war. 459 00:30:40,080 --> 00:30:44,880 The Japanese fleet has reached the point of no return. 460 00:31:05,720 --> 00:31:08,280 December 7, 1941. 461 00:31:10,400 --> 00:31:13,840 Just before 4 a.m., a patrol ship, the U.S.S. Ward, 462 00:31:14,000 --> 00:31:15,680 receives a message. 463 00:31:17,440 --> 00:31:21,680 A small submarine has been spotted in the area near Pearl Harbor. 464 00:31:24,400 --> 00:31:26,000 At 6.40 a.m., 465 00:31:26,160 --> 00:31:30,200 the Ward drops depth charges on the submarine. 466 00:31:31,160 --> 00:31:34,200 They send a sighting report upstairs. 467 00:31:36,280 --> 00:31:39,320 The people at Pearl Harbor. look at it and they're like, 468 00:31:39,480 --> 00:31:42,600 this is a brand-new captain. He's only been on duty for a day. 469 00:31:42,760 --> 00:31:45,400 He probably doesn't know what he's doing. Ignore it. 470 00:31:48,920 --> 00:31:51,240 Even though the Ward has successfully fired. 471 00:31:51,400 --> 00:31:55,200 the first shot in this war, her report is completely ignored. 472 00:31:57,640 --> 00:31:59,400 20 minutes later, 473 00:31:59,560 --> 00:32:03,600 two young radar operators spot a huge formation of planes 474 00:32:03,760 --> 00:32:09,040 approaching the area. They report it to their senior officer. 475 00:32:09,200 --> 00:32:12,960 He knows that there's a group of American B-17s 476 00:32:13,120 --> 00:32:14,880 that are due in this morning 477 00:32:15,040 --> 00:32:17,800 that should be coming from roughly that direction. 478 00:32:17,960 --> 00:32:21,960 He tells those two radar operators, don't worry about it. 479 00:32:28,400 --> 00:32:32,240 183 Japanese planes descend on Pearl Harbor 480 00:32:32,400 --> 00:32:34,800 in the first wave of the attack. 481 00:32:34,960 --> 00:32:38,600 Their target: the airfields. 482 00:32:38,760 --> 00:32:41,840 The result is going to be this concentrated bombing attack 483 00:32:42,000 --> 00:32:44,360 to try to put as many planes out of business 484 00:32:44,520 --> 00:32:46,200 at the outset of the attack. 485 00:32:49,160 --> 00:32:51,160 At 7.55 a.m... 486 00:32:57,080 --> 00:32:58,600 ...the first bombs hit. 487 00:33:03,960 --> 00:33:06,880 You hear the planes: they're doing training early today! 488 00:33:11,200 --> 00:33:14,080 And then when all of a sudden things start to explode, man, 489 00:33:14,240 --> 00:33:15,800 this training is way out of hand. 490 00:33:22,120 --> 00:33:24,200 At 8 a.m. on Honolulu, 491 00:33:24,360 --> 00:33:27,520 the Japanese spy Takeo Yoshikawa tunes his radio in 492 00:33:27,680 --> 00:33:31,240 to a Japanese weather forecast. 493 00:33:31,400 --> 00:33:36,600 The announcer uses the phrase, "Higashi no kaze ame." 494 00:33:36,760 --> 00:33:40,040 "East wind, rain." It's code. 495 00:33:40,200 --> 00:33:44,080 The attack on America is underway. 496 00:33:48,360 --> 00:33:50,400 Another formation of Japanese aircraft 497 00:33:50,560 --> 00:33:53,960 dive on the ships anchored along Battleship Row. 498 00:33:54,120 --> 00:33:56,160 Torpedo planes at low level... 499 00:33:58,240 --> 00:34:00,840 ...and overhead bombers. 500 00:34:06,440 --> 00:34:10,640 It's not until ships actually start exploding... 501 00:34:11,560 --> 00:34:13,720 ...bullets start ripping through the decks 502 00:34:13,880 --> 00:34:16,080 that they realise, oh my god, this is real. 503 00:34:22,600 --> 00:34:25,520 Torpedo attacks are very, very successful. 504 00:34:30,160 --> 00:34:33,640 The Oklahoma and the West Virginia are very heavily hit. 505 00:34:35,800 --> 00:34:38,600 Oklahoma ends up capsizing, 506 00:34:38,760 --> 00:34:42,320 trapping hundreds of men in this overturned ship. 507 00:34:48,280 --> 00:34:53,080 Over 400 sailors and marines die on the U.S.S. Oklahoma. 508 00:34:55,600 --> 00:34:58,840 At the same time, level bombers are coming in overhead 509 00:34:59,000 --> 00:35:00,520 and dropping their bombs. 510 00:35:05,680 --> 00:35:09,440 One of them lands a devastating hit on the battleship Arizona... 511 00:35:15,400 --> 00:35:16,800 ...and destroys her... 512 00:35:17,920 --> 00:35:19,520 ...in just the blink of an eye. 513 00:35:22,200 --> 00:35:24,720 The explosion on the U.S.S. Arizona 514 00:35:24,880 --> 00:35:27,960 kills 1,117 men. 515 00:35:34,440 --> 00:35:38,040 So if you think about every, you know, soldier, sailor, marine, 516 00:35:38,200 --> 00:35:41,760 they cannot connect the idea of what is happening. 517 00:35:42,800 --> 00:35:45,480 There are bombs exploding, ships sinking. 518 00:35:45,640 --> 00:35:48,680 There are men on fire. There are body parts flying around. 519 00:35:48,840 --> 00:35:53,240 Imagine trying to wrap your mind around all that. 520 00:35:53,400 --> 00:35:55,200 After two waves of attack... 521 00:35:57,000 --> 00:35:59,520 ...the Japanese withdraw. 522 00:36:06,040 --> 00:36:09,800 188 U.S. aircraft are destroyed. 523 00:36:12,520 --> 00:36:17,080 1,178 servicemen and civilians are wounded. 524 00:36:18,400 --> 00:36:21,800 2,403 are dead. 525 00:36:28,640 --> 00:36:31,920 But the United States Navy's aircraft carriers are at sea 526 00:36:32,080 --> 00:36:34,400 and escape the devastation. 527 00:36:54,160 --> 00:36:56,680 If we want to talk about the grand inflection point 528 00:36:56,840 --> 00:36:59,520 in World War II, it's December 7, 1941. 529 00:37:00,640 --> 00:37:04,040 At 7.55, it's the world as we've always known it. 530 00:37:04,200 --> 00:37:08,280 15 minutes later, at 8.10, the world is different. 531 00:37:08,440 --> 00:37:09,920 We are now at war. 532 00:37:29,960 --> 00:37:35,240 The America that wakes up on December 8, 1941 533 00:37:35,400 --> 00:37:36,920 is a different country. 534 00:37:38,600 --> 00:37:42,200 The country's being tested. Are we up to this? 535 00:37:43,800 --> 00:37:45,880 Can we meet this challenge? 536 00:37:46,840 --> 00:37:49,640 We are being put in the balance, 537 00:37:49,800 --> 00:37:53,000 and would we be found wanting or not? 538 00:37:58,280 --> 00:38:01,120 Prime Minister Tojo tells the Japanese people 539 00:38:01,280 --> 00:38:04,160 about the victory of its navy at Pearl Harbor. 540 00:38:07,440 --> 00:38:11,400 He also tells them that Japan has attacked Singapore, Hong Kong, 541 00:38:11,560 --> 00:38:13,280 Malaya, Wake Island, 542 00:38:13,440 --> 00:38:15,040 Guam, and the Philippines. 543 00:38:24,560 --> 00:38:27,600 While American attention is focused on the surprise attack... 544 00:38:30,080 --> 00:38:33,280 ...the Japanese are bombing and launching invasions all around. 545 00:38:36,720 --> 00:38:38,080 Malaya, the Philippines. 546 00:38:48,880 --> 00:38:52,840 At 12.30 p.m., Congress assembles. 547 00:38:55,480 --> 00:39:00,960 Yesterday, December 7, 1941... 548 00:39:03,200 --> 00:39:07,280 ...a date which will live in infamy... 549 00:39:08,920 --> 00:39:11,160 ...the United States of America 550 00:39:11,320 --> 00:39:14,840 was suddenly and deliberately attacked 551 00:39:15,000 --> 00:39:20,560 by naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan. 552 00:39:20,720 --> 00:39:22,840 He dictated a good part of the speech 553 00:39:23,000 --> 00:39:25,680 to his secretary, Grace Tully, 554 00:39:25,840 --> 00:39:29,600 and the initial formulation was, 555 00:39:29,760 --> 00:39:32,560 "Yesterday, December 7, 1941, 556 00:39:32,720 --> 00:39:35,240 a date which will live in world history." 557 00:39:35,400 --> 00:39:39,600 And at some point, before he gets to Capitol Hill, 558 00:39:39,760 --> 00:39:42,920 he writes in his wonderful handwriting, 559 00:39:43,080 --> 00:39:46,040 "date which will live in infamy." 560 00:39:46,200 --> 00:39:50,120 So it was his edit of his own dictation 561 00:39:50,280 --> 00:39:52,600 that created an indelible phrase. 562 00:39:52,760 --> 00:39:58,520 I ask that the Congress declare 563 00:39:58,680 --> 00:40:04,520 that since the unprovoked and dastardly attack 564 00:40:04,680 --> 00:40:09,920 by Japan on Sunday, December 7, 565 00:40:10,080 --> 00:40:12,880 1941, 566 00:40:13,040 --> 00:40:18,000 a state of war has existed 567 00:40:18,160 --> 00:40:21,320 between the United States 568 00:40:21,480 --> 00:40:23,160 and the Japanese Empire. 569 00:40:42,200 --> 00:40:45,240 Look very carefully at what Franklin Roosevelt said 570 00:40:45,400 --> 00:40:47,280 on the 8th of December: 571 00:40:47,440 --> 00:40:51,160 "We are declaring war against the Empire of Japan." 572 00:40:53,560 --> 00:40:55,720 He does not mention Germany. 573 00:40:56,920 --> 00:41:01,560 The 8th goes by. The 9th goes by. The 10th goes by. 574 00:41:01,720 --> 00:41:04,200 And not until the 11th, 575 00:41:04,360 --> 00:41:07,800 when Hitler decides to declare war on the United States, 576 00:41:07,960 --> 00:41:11,480 did the United States then, in turn, declare war on Germany. 577 00:41:16,680 --> 00:41:21,280 America now faces a global war on two fronts. 578 00:41:27,800 --> 00:41:31,960 We were dragged into this. Let's be very clear. 579 00:41:32,120 --> 00:41:34,040 The United States did not wake up 580 00:41:34,200 --> 00:41:36,640 in mid-century and decide to defeat tyranny. 581 00:41:36,800 --> 00:41:42,400 Tyranny had to force us into a struggle we now recognise 582 00:41:42,560 --> 00:41:45,400 to be the great existential struggle, 583 00:41:45,560 --> 00:41:51,520 arguably, of the last millennium. But it was not a quick or easy date 584 00:41:51,680 --> 00:41:53,600 with destiny. 585 00:41:56,760 --> 00:42:00,520 We are now in this war. 586 00:42:00,680 --> 00:42:04,560 We're all in it, all the way. 587 00:42:04,720 --> 00:42:09,120 Every single man, woman, and child 588 00:42:09,280 --> 00:42:12,720 is a partner in the most tremendous undertaking 589 00:42:12,880 --> 00:42:14,960 of our American history. 590 00:42:16,760 --> 00:42:20,280 It will not only be a long war, it'll be a hard war. 591 00:42:21,640 --> 00:42:24,840 We are going to win the war. 592 00:42:25,000 --> 00:42:29,840 And we are going to win the peace that follows. 593 00:42:31,280 --> 00:42:33,480 America is now at war, 594 00:42:33,640 --> 00:42:36,800 the most devastating in world history. 595 00:42:36,960 --> 00:42:41,840 Germany reigns from the Atlantic to the outskirts of Moscow. 596 00:42:42,000 --> 00:42:44,880 Imperial Japan has swept across the Pacific, 597 00:42:45,040 --> 00:42:46,960 forcing America into an armed struggle 598 00:42:47,120 --> 00:42:49,000 it is not yet ready to fight, 599 00:42:49,160 --> 00:42:53,080 not on land, not in the air, not at sea.